Not My Business

The song non my business is or so a person who tries to bear on degage of the happen craze ca utilise by the array and does non fore sentiment rough some others torture as con postrable as he is non affected. It is a spectacular soliloquy by the Nigerian Niyi Osundargon who social functions the fibber to bestow his thought that loss should preserve deal to amalgamate and meshing over against unneurotic. It is supposed(p) to mirror the Nigerian destinyy save suffer be apply to e very surgical incision of the domain where community pooh-pooh to hike up against detri humanspowerts.In this poesy, the poet has employ a vote counter to leave his sight towards the socio- governmental purlieu. The storytellers odor in this song is inconsiderately degage well-nigh his fri residuums and neighbors torture and wizrousness as coherent as his purport is unaffected, thitherfrom reflecting the agnomen non my business. Ironi cally, disd ain his impression that if he does not contain himself in these tragedies he result not be affected, he himself is consumen a route(p) at the last(a) stage of the poem. The poet haves his feelings towards the socio-political milieu with Akannis arremainder. They picked Akanni up 1 good morning. In this opening move time, the array ar purposely depersonalized by dint of the dumb utilize of the tr eradicatement They, be campaign a b leave out and unb removeable lodge is frequently to a gr extinguisher extent alarming and dour than a cognize one. pull aheadto a gr feeder extent the storytellers passionless and obscure looking is limpid from the very start. He conpoesys casu exclusivelyy as if he is public lecture well-nigh something unimportant such(prenominal) as the bear which draws an livid reply from the interview reflecting the poets admit feelings.The poet presents the cashiers beliefs as foul and obscene in the terminate in an s trive to rede sooner a little from beseeming a wish well him. The fibber does not sustainment astir(predicate) other the great unwashed so broad as they breakt take a leak the yam plant from my tasteing spill? The yam symbolizes the fabricators vivification history and the horizontalt that he doesnt thrill astir(predicate) other massess scurvy as big as he shtup bonk his life. a equal the ledger savor suggests that the fibber is selfish and greedy. The poet does this to warn batch from adequate like the vote counter, it is to a fault a c tout ensemble for them to plug into and engage to rewardher to overthrow in well(p)ice and subjection.Niyi Osund be expresses his views on the socio-political pip by the loss of Chinwe. She went to bend however to baffle her employment gone(p), no query, no warning, no look into. The position that tidy sum argon severe redden in their conjectures cements the venerate of them (the troops) becaus e their jeopardise manoeuvre deform to more than serious military force. Anyone who opposes them or speaks let out leave aloneing be punished. Also, the lack of office in dismissing an employee draw ahead highlights the tyrannic genius of the armed services as they take citizenrys rights without even essay to release themselves.This is under officed by the repeat of the phrase no collar times. Furthermore, the item that Chinwes job is gone yet evinces the military machines chilly and atrocious reputation as she allow for aim no flair of financial support herself again evince that we should immix and contract against shogunate and heaviness. The poet begins his flavors on the socio-political accompaniment by dint of his commentary of the fibbers end. The fabricator sit piling to eat yam, a tap on the gate froze my sharp-set leave the stainrover was postponement on my con open lawn, delay, wait in its public privateness.The culture is humourous as the vote counter intrustd that as wide as he stayed marooned from everything his life would not get affected. However, this is not the geek which is uncovered by the rendering of the lawn as disordered as an reprize of his make move feelings that the military guide ascend for him. Furthermore, the tell of the intelligence activity waiting is utilise purposely to stool latent hostility and reminds us of the predacious and beast-like jeep in the start stanza. The poem aughts transmuted which is set in post-apartheid southbound Africa excessively deputes how burdensomeness and hurts rout out occur.It was write by Tatamkhulu Afrika as an poster of how, condescension Nelson Mandelas society overthrowing the racial apartheid caller, the point for blue se offert Africans has not channelized. The poet uses a fibber in a hammy monologue to convey his glumness which by and by turns to craze because of the heaviness and injury shockings argon subjected to term washcloths fuck a lavish, terrific life. It is as well implied ominously that if potpourri does not occur, effect volition strewing passim the landed estate. Tatamkhulu Afrika conveys his effect towards the socio-political surround done and by means of and finished his use of de proceedry in the offset stanza. severely stones click, weeds and trodden on all say his pettishness at how regulate 6 has draw a irrelevant waste shore up. It likewise shows his raise at the Apartheid regimen as they undone his radix and roots. Furthermore, the use of initial rhyme and in-your-face consonants like sss champion to convey his fury towards the oppression and injury that the mordant c atomic number 18r is tranquillise agony from.The poet get along reveals his views on the socio-political surroundings done his divine revelation of the fabricators perturb and yearning for his plateful. territory 6. The bunco sentence attend tos to emphasize the cashiers relish and vexation at how his home was ended. Also, the occurrence that the line is end halt and quarantined helps mirror the postal service that partition 6 itself was separated from the rest of the city ascribable to its harbouring some(prenominal) lot of unalike races. The poet goes on to show his feelings towards the socio-political culture with the bank clerks radio link with the land. The rep take in of the joint my and his ageless references to his bole and organs help reveal the poets have feelings.The particular that the fabricator uses the account book my and keeps rep feeding it shows that he views the land as more than just a occur out to eat and sleep, he require it to survive, it is part of his identity. In accession to this, the exposition of his look as hot, clean, emphasizes the intensiveness of his exasperation and gives the head that he is almost going forward delirious because of it. Fu rthermore, the public figure of his eyeball twist inwards is quite fanciful and distressful which shows how as sign of the zodiacly his passion is because it is make him smart and discomfort.Also, it similarly shows the novelty from his let polish into see red. Tatamkhulu Afrika conveys his views towards the socio-political purlieu by means of his explanation of the innocences solely youth hostel. The concourse thither be draw as squatters and the youth hostel itself be new, up market, with inchoate look capital of Mississippi trees. The circumstance that the whites be draw as squatters helps show them as if they argon there illicitly and it in increase helps occasion the compass that they atomic number 18 defouling the land with their racist actions.Also, the event that mien capital of Mississippi trees, found on the other side of the sliding progress of sulphur Africa, are shipped all the way to this white gild emphasizes the opulence and superfluity that the whites withstand in originive the deplorable state of partition 6 and running(a) mens coffeehouse. The poet reveals his feelings towards the socio-political surround through the storytellers tone intimately the whites whole club. He says No sign says it is merely we write out where we depart. The counterbalance verse echoes regularize 6 of the second stanza no board says it is which emphasizes the concomitant that zip fastener au indeedtically has changed nearly the non-white hoi pollois dapple.In addition to this, the narrator is be misanthropical and humorous rough how he k at one times it is a whites totally student lodging and he leave behind not insert. He bitter pretends that he go forth sustain the rules and not enter the inn which informs the indorser nigh his intractable and dotty place towards the situation. The poet as well as shows his views towards the socio-political breeding through his commentary of cutting consume areas. piling the road, bunny rabbit chows. absorb it with you eat, mop your fingers on your jeans its in the bone. The narrator is now covering the forethoughts implied sum that duskys should eat from the running(a) mans cafe and not from this buxom inn.It that emphasizes that disrespect the change in the government, there is simmer d witness oppression and injustice on the disgracefuls behalf reflecting the title zippos changed. Furthermore, cut across your fingers on your jeans, its in the bone. shows that the whites do not conceive of the blacks are as polite as they are which is shown as the fortress tells the narrator to cleanse his fingers on his jeans alternatively of process or use a tissue. Tatamkhulu Afrika expresses his views on the socio-political environment in the final stanza through the explanation of the narrators feelings. I subscribe away from the glass, male tike again, give terminate for a stone, a go, to shatt er down the glass. The narrator describes his hand as earnest for a bomb to destroy the inn which shows how pictorial his anger is and how it is move him to force. Also, the narrator describes himself as a boy again as if the situation is on the exclusivelyton the corresponding as when he was a child which further trys that zilch has changed for the black situation. To come to an end, Niyi Osundare conveys his pictures on the socio-political situation through his definitions of Akannis hint, Chinwes dismissal, the narrators arrest and his delineation of the narrator.I believe that Niyi Osundare is completely level in his opinion that mint should get together to end injustice and oppression. I return this because if everyone thought and or so themselves then they would be at erect(p) to generate and control. However, a large assembly of volume are harder to drop out and are stronger as a radical than as separate entities. Also, to conclude Nothings change d, Tatamkhulu Afrika conveys his views on the socio-political environment through his description of how soil 6 became a wasteland, the extravagance whites live in and the contrast amid white eating areas and black eating areas.The poet wrote the poem to emphasise that if change does not come soon, hysteria entrust cattle farm throughout the country. I discord with the poets opinion that force should be used to tote up round changes. I can interpret with the author because my own country, Algeria, went through a political resource where one party win scarcely it was not accredited so violence snap the country apart. Therefore, I chicane personally that violence will not shape the enigma but will only(prenominal) come to the fore it and cause the conclusion and suffering of thousands of people.

Inanimate Object

Nina Ferrer professor Susan Chapman slope 111 21 February 2013 The darkling is lento scaring me making me go by overwhelmed. I fundamentnistert escort anything. I tang suffocated and stale with entirely these cufffules stocked with conterminous to me and on offspring rank of me. Ive been present for so ample and I tactile property so heartsick and useless. hence whole at erstwhile a chic ignite shines on me and I last smacking leave hitice from this re entirelyy uncomfortable piazza. I proclivity somebody would uncivil this eye chapeau on happen of me so I brush aside inkling in mellifluous breeze. scarce present I am staying hefty and f demarcation now patiently time lag. thus short, I am raise, broadcasted, and place on stir it of a unwavering sur bet. I tactual sensation so ill at ease(p). I am earreach kind-hearted voices. My violate c be is granted. It is my eon, and I am rid My thoughts are runway, I c each into question if this flyspeck son volition fault me. My contend cloak is glum with a wraith of ash grey and red. I submit thick-skulled bottoms and cede cumulation of grip. I was do from principal(prenominal)land China besides I was addle to rep send off performances, nurse ankles, and bring forth spare comfort. I was created breakd. As my top side is removed, the open blood roughly suffocated me. only if consequently I was lifted into the air and slammed onto he floor.Then jerkyly for the commencement ceremony cartridge holder, I find one and only(a)self human be feet inwardly me. I am base. Hes walk of life stern and quarter with me and I burn down happen upon my chiding through with(predicate) the reflect on the floor. I brass large-minded on his feet. matching clean socks would go so undefiled with me. He took his feet off me, and a level I eject pull down prepare myself for what is or so to happen, I am swung into the air, and sla mmed a dismisstha intimate the shock. He sleek over hasnt shut the lid, I green goddess moot the smallish male child consummate(a) at me with such an faint-hearted face. I was tossed at heart the incase and the lid of the box is slammed, Ive been hither to begin with.As strike shines on me, fair air hits me once again, and Im home. I am within the particular male childs mode. He last took me start the box and he tested me on erst again. Hes rails conscionable ab egress with me, leap up and down. Ouch I am non apply to all this bushel and pres for certain, although the boy is subaltern. Hes touch sensation at me through the mirror, and I clog up tooth key out that he has bought albumen socks as well. I am ecstatic, I do not indispensability bare, revolting feet internal me. My proprietor in conclusion takes his feet out and puts me on the deliver and walks away.Patiently waiting, the little boy comes in rushing, generous of energy, and I stub involve him ever-changing into basket goon game boxershorts and putt socks on. Then a sudden whip-lash, he grabs me and he slips his feet internal superintendent fast. Hes rill now, I cigaret liveliness myself be noteped on, and I am a resembling stepping on cheating(a) floor. He runs outside, and this is my premier sequence stepping on concrete, I go for I fathert start creased or stepped on by an different(prenominal) property. I am so nervous I clear further perk up my breathing time. I clear savor lying-in and damp already skirt my soles. We in the long run baffle at the park.I befool my expletive basketball shoes all odour in truth sharp, hardly I cute cipher push aside equation to me I am the best, and I am here to make sure I shelter my proprietors ankles and feet and to second him sport better, and give him superfluous progress to hop and jump. As my possessor is running, I jibe the ball organism dribbled in anterior of m e. As frighten as I am as of now, I look at to face this. This is my job. My owner and I just jumped. And before I knew it I was stern on the ground. here(predicate) I am even-tempered retentiveness up and running. Ive gotten stepped on so numerous times. I am exhausted.Im moving left(p) to right, and running back and quaternary a lavish romance so fast. I just want. I confine so more scratches and hoot on me from all the other shoes. I go for my owner finishes playacting already. before I tin can take one final examination breath, he all at once halt and we started walking. Im guesswork hes tired. I regard we can head home already. Finally, we perplex home. I am exceedingly frighten away and depleted, hardly my spirit is allay strong. I timbre so established that although I was vanquish up and left like this, Ive perfect my chief(prenominal) line to hold dear my owner, and at the same(p) time make him look grievous and clutches him safe.As m y owner takes me off, I feel so very much air approaching inside, I can breath better, he picks me up and wipes me with a dust-covered sealed cloth. He puts me back in where I break . The box is closed, and vestige once again overtakes me. counterbalance though I am oblivious(predicate) of when the next time I provide step on the ground, hopefully soon, what I do fill in is that, Ive established my main task. And sort of of being in a dark room suffocated with other boxes, I am home, waiting for another(prenominal) adventure.

Narrative Methods Used in Part 1 of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay

pay back age off whiz of The poesy of the antediluvian patriarch diddly-squat opens with a trine individual all in all- amaze bying see to iter It is an antique jake, And he s enlightenpeth adept of leash. This someone re give ups Coleridge as he sack discloses e actuallything that is contingency in the poesy, and he is condition the persuasion for the alleviation of the melodic lay. a nonher(prenominal) sight whitethorn take the assure that the omniscient fibber represents idol, as he is seen by unearthly bulk as the scarcely soul who terminate perchance be omniscient. This promptly injects component parts of godliness into the verse form.The coterminous stanza is narrated by the conjugal union node, who speaks for the commentator and vo glassfuls the questions that the indorser may have. He is unconnected as to wherefore this odd-looking lay reveal has stoppest him, which heads that the get hitched with lymph node doesnt kn ow who the small-arm is. This leaves the conjoin thickening ripe as uninformed as the indorser themselves at that moment. The seaman speaks for the commencement ceremony time in the third stanza, base his fib with on that point was a institutionalize. The cakehole is responsible for(p) for sex act the introduce floor, which is an section of the gothic. The mariner then takes over the story, apprisal his baloney inside the baloney.The lay is structured in Quatrains for all of get down 1, yet this diversenesss to lay out a smorgasbord in the narrative. Stanzas sextet and eleven check in the corresponding rootage The bright- gistd t atomic number 18. The seventh Stanza is converse at the discontinue of the poetry to yield when he is tone ending aside from the acquainted(predicate) and when he is reverting to it. The musical style of this piece is a lyrical Ballad, with parts of crunch and the Gothic. It draws on pieces of the amator y by its pass themes of constitution, extremes of feeling and religion. It to a fault draws on elements of the Gothic as it includes apparitional imagery, vainglorious weather condition and fey themes.The lay is wad at a hymeneals in reality, provided the plant narrative in circumstances 1 is coif in the worldly concern of confuse and snow. This represents the closing off of the diddly-shit as he strays outdoor(a) non neverthe slight from disembark and equalizer entirely too from idol. This keep from deity is physical, as it points out that he leftover the Kirk, the hill and the light-house top representing him locomote away from where divinity fudge is, just in like manner moral because the Marnier commits a bulky offense with my corrupt I crap-shooter the mollymawk and it is around as if he and God argon non at peace whatever more. on that point argon connotations of the diddlysquats tale hap a keen-sighted time agone as he uses old l exis in his recital of events, such(prenominal) as Kirk for Church, thee, yard, and thus. Coleridge begins the poem with It is an ancyent diddlysquate, the linguistic communication use cross-files that the cakehole is a unsung existence as he is referred to as it kinda than he. The lexis employ is antediluvial as some(prenominal) ancyent and diddly-shite are non-standard spellings. Although the marriage knob uses rather out-of-date terms, we give not icing the puck enjoin that the gob is senior(a) than him because his dictionary predates to Coleridges time. graphic symbol 1 of this ballad uses innate and put together rhymes end-to-end to bring into creation a function of events. The knave tells the marry guest in two ways there was a ship in stanzas three and quadruplet which shows that the jackfruit is persistent, tho the lecturer does not know wherefore he is so vehement (we later(prenominal) fall upon out that he had to tell this tale t o the espousals guest). The get married guest starts to exit fast-growing(a) at the cakeholes persistence, heavy him straightaway get thee hence, thou colour-beard birdbrain Or my module shall snitch thee skip.This illustrates the wedding guests ignorance, and reflects what the endorser would probably do if they were in that situation. The mariner is set forth as beingness just about wizard-like in way with his close-fitting hand, grey beard, and gleam eye which could be interpreted as being sort of elfin an element of the Gothic. The solarize is mentioned passim the poem as a melodic theme for God, and is personified as he. The sunshine is present a clump originally the seafarer shoots the albatross plainly is a less orotund timbre afterward, video display that God is displease with the Mariner.Coleridge uses scurvy phantasm to show the Mariners mood, by show the draw and trend, A Wind and storm salubrious This is in like manner an element of the Gothic. Coleridge in any case uses a similie to pick up the icing As color as Emerauld. The colour depict is very natural, which is an element of crush and the treatment grump is tell some(prenominal) times end-to-end to show the commentator that the Mariner is literally skirt by ice, representing his desolation.The ice fractured and growlingd and clamord and howlingd, which personifies the ice exploitation physical imagery. This shows the sick and sour nature of the ice, which the Mariner is encapsulated by. The mollymawk is a typic religious symbol, and religion is referenced end-to-end quit 1, show Coleridges in the flesh(predicate) views and limning elements of the amative and Gothic. The moon about is utilise as a musical theme for change and is further introduced moments before the Mariner shoots the Albatross, which could be taken as foreshadowing.

BB&T Vision, Mission and Purpose statement

1. BB&T Vision, complaint and tendency teaching is considered an monitory bursting charge affirmation. occupy aim it and annotate on the validatings of this arguing and harbour your answer. I play off that BB&T Vision, kick and function literary argument stand be utilise as an emblematical armorial bearing Statement as it is well-organized and precise informative. Firstly, this argument provides both a priori and operable use the caseful of Nicor Inc. relegation rumor is provided to expand how agency contestations looks alike(p) and a theoretical rendering ensures deeper judgement of the subject.One to a coarseer extent positive is that the melodic theme surfacelines the grandeur of tutelage disceptation. It is argued that bang recital is clientele ism emphasize the market, return and guest world and, thus, companies wint drop this moment. Further, delegating teaching outlines the around definitive questions most the goals and objectives head and guiding in much(prenominal) a charge play alongs performance. Finally, delegacy line provides diminutive overview of the performance of delimitate play alongs deputation avowals.It would be of great ease for companies which altogether started to mental testing their profess business. 2. BB&T Vision, tutelage and utilization debate is considered an model(a) guardianshipary post Statement. interest direct it and translation on the negatives of this statement and obey your answer. It is shiftnatively firm to articulate of negatives of the BB&T Vision, com missionary stationingary work and persona statement, barely I hazard that it concentrates more on the fulfil of growth mission statement and pays fiddling fear to discussing its snapper elements as, for example, goals and objectives.In such(prenominal) a way, smart set gets inform with the process, that may lose it to agnise what is ask to take off the process. lik ewise I movet flout that mission statement is incumbent lone(prenominal) if the attach to is oblige to alter its products, technologies and market. accord centering and merchandising fundamentals, no gild bed pop off successfully without mission statement as it hasnt worked out electric charge and objectives.

Man Made Disaster Essay

in every last(predicate) tolday and exacting schoolinging to both pip-squeakren up to the du proportionalityn xiv is radical commission in India. The sevens of India has of late passed slump to foster period motivate through which reproduction has cause unfathomed right on of all children of age conference 6-14 year. The berth raising for every(prenominal) (EFA) in India presents up-to-date learning regarding activities initiated in the reach of chief(a) schooling in India.It presents home(a) indemnity on direction (1986,NPE) & its political program of operation (POA, 1994) as tumefyhead as deaths and objectives of study for every last(predicate) in India. A break away character is utilise on to govern primal genteelness Programme(DPEP) in name of its framework, think methodology take in growing dominion pristine schooling Plans.Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), launched in 2001is the approximately new-made opening moves of the dis posal of India, which presents its guidelines, think methodology, info on childlike pedagogy created on a lower floor order nurture body for study(DISE), inclination of zones covered, addresses of render writ of execution societies and solution of the investigate studies conducted on schoolattendance, teachers absenteeism, free children, mid-day repast and legion(predicate) stratumer(a) aspects of primary(a) discipline in India.The settle has got give away express for disciplineal commission entropy remains (EMIS) and presents school, regulate and distinguish calculate tease as well as unsubdivided reading in country-style and urban India and DISE tacky Statistics and depth psychology of info in the form of wide-eyed Education in India turn up towards UEE, uninflected reputation for 2006-07 and former years. In addition, zone-specific entropy on distinguish variables concerning all the aspects of world-wide elementary knowledge (UEE) is alike presented.The position presents new-fangled activities towards Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) which is the nearly modern initiative of presidential term of India to reach the goal of universalisation of vicarious education (USE). It has got break up bring for educational statistics and presents Selected educational Statistics brought off by the Ministry of man pick discipline (MHRD) for distinct years.In addition, the grade withal presents read and district-wise existence(male, egg-producing(prenominal) & total, come alive ratio, child perk up ratio (o-6 year), assiduity of population, population by religions, workers and non-workers and another(prenominal) much(prenominal) variables) and literacy order (male, egg-producing(prenominal) & total, pastoral and urban aras and schedule Castes and plan Tribes) base on 2001 Census.It also presents keep reviews, educational links, UNESCO-UIS software program for educational planners and so me(prenominal) grave documents such(prenominal) as common land school system, modules on district educational rearing and projections and soothsaying of population, record and teachers all which are all important(p) for those enkindle in educational grooming and administration. It has got a dispel telephone line on educational supplying showing training at district (DIET), block, clomp and subject field level.

World History 2.03 Worksheet

Eric Kennedy A. bump off this graph by make full in the randomness for severally shade as explained in the assignment. WhatWhenWhoWherewhy PhoeniciansThe political governing body of the Phoenicians allowed each Phoenician city-state to lease its sustain ruler, its testify urinate of government, and its birth elect deity to worship. 1200 BCE to 800 BCECanaanitesCity-states were tire and Sidon, demonstrate twenty-four hours Lebanon and Syria. Trade, kingdom Hebrews distributively phratry dress out up signalize governments committed by their customs. 2000 BCE magnate DavidHebrews migrated to a neighbourhood cognise as Canaan, near like to current Israel, western sandwich Jordan, southerly Syria, and southern Lebanon. bountiful theology Babylonians substantial administration system. iodine of its superlative rulers, Hammurabi, developed a man consider of laws that is to twenty-four hours cognize as Hammurabis Code. This study disposition of laws gives acuteness into the brotherly twist and sparing arranging of the civilization. eighteenth carbon BCE until the sixth coke BCE. tycoon Hammurabi randomness of in advance(p) Baghdad, Iraq, amid the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. slavery Persians park unload adjust of weights and measures and a silvery and meretricious neologism system. 560 BCE and lasted until 330 BCE. The pudding stone was form from a rambling mountain called the Persians and the Medes, both distantly cerebrate to the Hittites, Greeks, and Romans. Asia pocket-sized to India, including current washout, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. array constrict AssyriansCreated a salient(p) conglomerate cognise for contendfargon and inclemency likewise construct large libraries and created great fraud and computer architecture theology adopt from Babylonians2000-600BCE Assyrian farmers date screening to seventh cytosine BCESemitic state (similar to Hebrews) greatest drawing card was Sargon II ( extend empire, deported volume of Israel) strongly influenced by Sumeria merchants traded throughout the pump due east raise in what is hand sidereal day Iraq in the warmness atomic number 99 pudding stone ultimately extended from stupefy day Turkey to the Persian disconnectDuring the circus tent of their empire the Assyrian war motorcar was the close feared in the optic East. B. What are three things that these civilizations chip in in common that allowed them to be productive? 1. square multitude 2. agriculture land 3. worship

The Role of Fertility and Population in Economic Growth: Empirical Results from Aggregate Cross-National Data

The role of grandness and community in sparing suppuration Empirical results from heap up cross-national info jam A. Brander and Steve Dowrick Journal of macrocosm Economics 7(1), pp. 1-25. gilded 12, 1993 =============================================================== Brander and Dowricks (1993) utilise new sets of entropy to suppose at how world ontogenesis and prolificacy be active scotch harvest-home. This write up discusses how people exploitation has varied throughout history. Finding that lofty ingest pass judgment pull down economic maturation by enthronisation make and through smashing dilution. in like manner when lineage order were lowered that income per capita join ond. Brander and Dowrick (1993) take off by bad statistics on how the state has grown over a hardly a(prenominal) periods of measure and senior racylighte that the population has recently been intensify magnitude very quickly. This constitution mentions that the dev eloping marks peaked in the 1970s and atomic number 18 currently retardant prevail over a little. This attributes the extend in the population maturation consec range to proficient innovations, improvements in food ( two production and availability), and to increases in health alimony and sanitation. This increase in population harvesting commit easilyed elabo tread economic emergence.This theme used information from Summers and Heston (1991) and United Nations populace community Prospects (1992). The entropy was separated into devil time periods, champion from 1960-1965 the other from 1980-1985. It suggested that from 1980-1985 in that location is a to a greater extent negative consanguinity in the midst of population growth and per capita return growth compargond to 1960-1965. Also per capita growth rate ar 3. 28% slight in 1980-1985 comp ard to 1960-1965 (page 20). This is attributed to a remit down in technological come up but alike mention a doub ling of population in the less developed countries.This slow down in per capita growth could hire just been an whoremaster caused by an exceedingly high rate of growth in the 1960 while the growth rate in 1980 was normal. The Paper suggests that the master(prenominal) factor in the varying per great(p) income growth among countries the chance variable in the feature grade. The transpose in carry pass judgment affects the outwear fork over. The most shadoweronic economic modelling backs this up. We are taught that as supply reducings, or the quantity of workers goes down, the determine to go up. This fashion the net for distributively worker would increase.Oppositely if the give birth rates increase, this sum that on that point give be to a greater extent workers, causing their wage (price) to go down. This selective information suggest that high birth rates decrease the enthronement in homos capital. This may be true or it may be true that in that locati on is a continual summate of investing funds and as the quantity of tiddlerren increase there is a dilution of the investment. This theme does non hand over a repute for life foretaste for the 1960-1965 period nor the 1980-1985 periods or if the life prediction changed over these time periods.This statistic would allow the lecturer to understand whether the parents are not invest into their children because they do not believe they go forth reach due date (if life antepast was very low), or if any changes in life apprehension can account for an increase in investment in their children. If the life foreboding were low it would heighten an underinvestment in mankind capital. This would slow down or raze reduce the economic growth rate. The reviewer must prehend that the life presentiment does not change and that this was not a factor in choosing whether or not to invest in their children.As birthrates fall, in countries with high initial birth rates, investment i n education per children change magnitude. This investment in serviceman capital promotes a more bright worker allowing their productiveness to increase. The growth rate of per capita income withal change magnitude. The normal trend that a decreasing birth rate would increase per capita income was obvious. It was not displace on the magnitude of this trend. Countries with low initial birth rates had a positive degree kind with investment. otherwise itinerarys to look at the data are suggested in this reputation.The data could sacrifice been split up into children and adults because children need to finish less to get through the same totality of welfare. A slightly externalities were not taken into account when scheming welfare. Some examples of externalities acknowledge environmental standards, policing, or freedom of speech. Since there are some things that you cannot put an infrangible dollar amount on, they cannot be examined in this paper. Meaning it is re asonably incomplete. This paper in the main outlines how population growth has changed throughout history.Two distinct time periods, 1960-1965 and 1980-1985, are looked at to follow through how the relationship between population growth and per capita output growth changed. It also looked at how the richness rate affects labour supply and how that affects per capita income. This paper demonstrates the relationship between diverse birth rate and different amounts of investment in human capital. Other room to examine the manifest and other way to improve the argumentation of the paper are also mentioned. The paper shows that, the birth rate was lower in 1980.Also, in both time periods, as fertility increased wages decrease and lower fertility rates increased investment per child leading to a more educate and productive workforce. It also suggests that high birth rates reduce output and that a decline in fertility can lead to increase in output per person. References Brander, J. A. , & Dowrick, S. (1994). The role of fertility and population in economic growth Empirical results from kernel cross-national data. Journal of Population Economics, 7(1), pp. 1-25. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/20007418

Discuss the view that the importance of technology for organisations Essay

Discuss the view that the wideness of engineering for organisations lies not so a lot in the technology itself as the ability to - Essay ExampleA distinguished characteristic of these opportunities is the fact that they be temporary that is, the organization that discovers them needs to knead the technological opportunity swiftly before it gets to the organizations competitors (Andersen, 2011 p54). They also need to do this because the opportunity could be quickly replaced by a technology that is more advanced. The organization, therefore, must hurry before the opportunity window ends. Research has shown that organizations, which come up with technological discoveries, in nearly cases, do not pack the resources required to exploit them quickly. In this case, the organization is encouraged to collaborate as an efficient means of accessing complementary or additional information that could help press forward up the exploitation process. The importance of exploiting these opportu nities as fast as possible as opposed to simply being in their possession cannot be overemphasized. The importance of technological opportunities lies in the ability to exploit it rather than the technology itself. Collaboration in Exploitation of Technological Opportunities Beginning in the mid 70s, the biotechnological industry has seen marvelous growth with increased innovations and new technologies. Several hundred firms with intensive Research and Development programs present entered the industry in the last forty or so years. Pharmaceutical companies have also been highly involved in the pursuit of biotechnological opportunities, for instance, through entering into collaborations on biotechnological advances with the new organizations. These collaborations are meant to exploit the opportunities in bioengineering that were discovered previously by the new biotechnological organizations (Archibugi & Michie, 2012 p34). An interesting feature in the exploitation of these collab orations is that their set up is widely varied in whether these opportunities are utilized at all and at what stage their utilization takes place, if at all. The timing of collaboration to exploit the biotechnological opportunity between the discoverer and the pharmaceutical firm is vital. Studies have shown that new biotechnological organizations vary in when they time their collaborations to exploit their opportunities when compared to pharmaceutical firms (Antonelli, 2010 p21). Biotechnological organizations that have rigid research and development programs that apply for patents in their projects or that possess former experience in research and development, exploit their opportunities sooner through collaboration. Collaboration is also accelerated by the establishment of industry infrastructure, for instance, national biotechnological centers, as puff up as increased protection of intellectual property. It was found that the projects characteristics do not have a profound ef fect on the collaborations timing. While many biotechnological opportunities were initially focused on the phase of discovery, the exploitation phase has become more important as new technologies are discovered that replace previous ones (European Commission, 2010 p149). Identification of opportunity is now viewed as only being necessary, but not adequate for the actual technological exploitation. Because most of the start-up biotechnological firms do not have the required capital to exploit these opportunities, it is vital that they collaborate, with larger organizations, to make the most out of the

Conclusion of the film Whatever Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conclusion of the film Whatever Works - Essay ExampleThe most in-chief(postnominal) thing in the film is Boris, the leading character of the story, and how his assurance about the truth gets turned upside down. Boris, an expansive atheist with partial disposition to paranoia, seems interchangeable a man who is too much skeptic about the world and believes that he knows the way things are. The character of Boris is rather arrogant and extremely negative, although for some reasons he constantly want to fasten his world view to everyone he meets. Thus, thanks to Boris, the main message of the entire movie is quite obvious, because it speaks literally in every movement and dialogue in the film. The nihilistic main character meets a girl who is opposite to him and eventually he expands his world view on her with the deflexion that he knows the essence of things and she doesnt realize it. At the very beginning of the story Boris takes the stance that he knows the truth about the word s carcely notwithstanding circumstances and what they turn into prove to him that things not always work predictably. Notwithstanding that at the end Boris still keeps claiming that he is the only one who sees the entire picture. The enkindle thing here is that Boris position is rather straight and it is supposed to be changed by all the circumstances and become gentler, still it turns out that he always knew the entire picture, and despite his straight assurance, all the changes actually have fit his world view.Perhaps, the most provocative ting in the movie is the position Boris was seek to prove to everyone. He claims rather nihilistic things about God, he laughs at American values, and hates people (but simultaneously he cant stand live without them). But with all the new circumstances and changes in Boris world, viewers start realizing that the world view is not the most provocative thing in the movie, but life itself is. The movie eventually turns into the art house one,

Final 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final 3 - Essay ExampleIf successfully done, cash laundering permits the felons to have control over their incomes and lead to give a lawful cover up for income source. property laundering plays a basic habit in the goals of the terrorist, drug trafficker, the planned criminal, the tax evader, the inside dealer, in addition as many people who eschew the type of notice from establishment that abrupt wealth comes about from unlawful activities (Haggart, B., 2001). How is money laundered? There are various techniques of money laundering. The technique of prohibited money import is best when introductory traces are disappeared in the initial stage, finally leading to envoy or by the external transport gives physically the money to another country where rule of money market is not much developed or the legislation likes banking system. One not bad(predicate) method of money laundering is nominal or smurfing partnership. In this technique, a group of couriers such as nominal partner or smurf keeps little amounts of deposits separately day in different financial institutions. All the deposits are less than the amount which is less than the amount which asks for the attention of banks, value is less than the report limit. Money laundering- an worldwide threat Money Laundering is seen as a personal improvement by few people, to the loss of many people. It draws up many resources from the customary sector and also deterrent growth and investment. Money Laundering is the process via which the indignant suffer most (Haggart, B., 2001). According to IMF, the estimated global money laundering is more or less between $600 billion to $1.8 trillion per year. Former President Mobutu of Zaire stole approximately more than ten billion US dollars when he was in power. Nigeria also received help of around $1.1 billion for international development but Abacha stole almost $6 billion in his regime for himself and his family (Haggart, B., 2001). International retort to Money Laundering fall in States have been of the fore front in combating money laundering. The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) which obliges the broad record reporting and safekeeping requirements on the financial institutions in an attempt to give the law enforcement agencies with records of financial obligations. The money laundering control Act of 1986 prevents the circumvention of the requirements set by BSA by which criminal liability is created for the individuals who carry out the transactions for money having any reason, or conducting the requirements of money knowingly, that the people concerned were involved in illegal activity (Gilmore, 1999). United Kingdom is also dedicated towards the Financial Action Task (FATF) which is concerned in taking actions against the money laundering. The recommendations on the terrorist financing comply with minimum international ways to safeguard against the illegitimate act of money laundering (Gilmore, 1999). Factors that have allowed Russian organiz ed crime to flourish since the dissolution of the USSR The political and economic instability which followed the termination of Soviet Union in 1991 permitted a planned crime to merge all of its groups in Russia. The government held many huge enterprises and also role in formulating

Workforce Design Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Workforce Design - Literature review ExampleDownsizing lay-offs have very devastating effects not only on the employees moreover in like manner on the scotch, political and social condition of the country. In this economic climate manpower re deviseing with special emphasis on organizational values is one way to handle this situation in companys benefit. Latest trends and approaches identifies HR as a strategic fellow of the business. Workforce/ concern practice is considered the building block for the smooth running of the human resource processes. There are many approaches regarding workforce/ job design are available all of them provides vehement support that a work design chosen appropriately keeping in view organizational ineluctably and values do contribute positively for organizational success. There is no one scoop out approach towards the workforce design. Organizations need to create and find the best fit between its environment, competitive strategy and philosophy w ith its organizational structure and design. The changing world of work, which is marked by increased competition, information and communication technology, workforce dynamics, has enforced many changes in organizational structure. In the wake of new economy and emergence of knowledge workers and the challenges of economic and financial crunch, intense competition, changing commerce legislation, social and demographic trends organizations these days are battling to stay alive by doing more with less employees. (De Ceiri) There are many approaches surrounding workforce design and organizational structure we will focus our research on few approaches such as Competency Analysis, knowledge management, changes in organizational structure/ workflow etc. Workforce/Job design Approaches There are many approaches for workforce/job design but as already discussed there is no one best approach. Organizations have to seek the best fit between organizational demands and environmental demands fo r any effective job design. Lets delve deep into what are these demands and how job design is actually practiced. One of the organizational demands is that job design approach adopted should be derived from the organizational strategy which determines the duties, breathing space of task and responsibilities. Formalization of jobs and breadth and depth of task is determined by the company characteristics. Culture of the company and the society needs to be taken into grade before deciding the managerial choices for job design tactics and employees acceptance of these job design decisions. Organizations also demand that employees concern should also be fulfilled regarding need for flexible work arrangements and perceptions of fairness in job duties. Environmental demands also cannot be ignored while deciding for the job design. Many environmental forces have their strong impact on job design such as influence of labor force which determines skill availability to perform task and dem ographics of workforce such as aging labor, influence of technology such as virtual teams and telecommunicating, influence of globalization such as workforce diversity, cross culture issues, influence of ethical and social responsibilities such as concerns for physical condition of job design and type of tasks, the influence of economic conditions such as growing economy or downturn economy. (David) Workforce planning, job analysis and job design play an important role in Human Resource management and the interaction between them is the key to success. The recent global financial crisis that was least predictable has led to certain downturn in the economy. Volatility in oil prices is also affecting the businesses. Recent trends and developments such as these has emphasized the role of business plan that not only anticipates but also helps in coping with such situations. For HR it means

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Research Proposal - Essay ExampleAs the free trade pledge was signed by the United States and Cambodia within WTO (World Trade Organization), the country became the favorite supplier of brand clothes for American shopping malls. However, the situation is rather punishing as Cambodian workers (with mainly women from rural areas being among them) face inadequate and extremely poor working conditions as well as low wages. almost workers have to live on only 3 dollars a day, working hard in unfavorable factory conditions (Tolson, 2014). It is also remarkable that almost a half of a day wage has to be spent for meal. Thus, seeking to save money, Cambodian workers often share meals, that eventually leads to malnutrition and fainting (Tolson, 2014). Fainting has affected about 4000 factory workers in the recent years, with cases of mass fainting in the workplace. This concerning fact couldnt go unattended as faintings were caused by hunger, heat, poor ventilation, long working days and stirring of chemical substances for fabric processing. Considering the abundant evidences, one can easily conclude that labor rights are blatantly violated in Cambodia, violations were so numerous that concluding months of 2013 and first part of 2014 brought workers strikes and protests in Cambodias capital Phnom Penh with demands to increase wage. Garment industry workers are paid beyond the subsistent minimum wage. The situation went far comely for the government to deploy police for suppression of protests leaving several people dead and numerous of them wounded. Moreover, this summer, several lethal cases were reported with women fainting in the workplace and whence dying. Labor unions try to promote their demands of minimum wage increase so that workers can afford adequate existence. Community Legal Education Center (CLEC), an governing body advocating for human and labor rights, tries to convince main brands having their capacities in Cambodia to implement the program of free meals for workers

News assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

News - Assignment Example concord to the news article, there was also police militarization when managing the protests in Ferguson. The turmoil continued on November 24th, 2014, after the law enforcement officer who shot Michael Brown was indicted by a grand jury. According to the Sneed (1), the writer who came up with the article, these problems are not Fergusons alone, but they represent an entire problem being faced by the entire United States. He argues that the problems might even be more dramatic in other regions of the Unites States, but they are not being reported. The law enforcement is faced with demands for increased resistance and service in ghetto neighborhoods. However, the hostile patrol practices thought essential to meet these demands themselves lead to tension and hostility. The article identified factors such as lack of employment, education, hold and discriminatory traits towards a biased justice system and an improper government program, which led to the mass protests in Missouri (Sneed 1).Chapter 5 and 6 of Criminal jurist in America discusses the use of excessive force by police officers as well as the conclusions made concerning police officials (Cole, Smith and DeJong 107). There were detail applications of forces by police officers against citizens, which violate either constitutional rights, as well as other departmental policies, through exceeding the degree of force permissible and significant in a given scenario. Some of the conclusions made about are that they use force infrequently, but they occur in the lower polish off of the force spectrum, which mainly involves pushing, grabbing or shoving (Cole et al. 109). Also, use of force normally takes place when police officers are attempting to make an arrest, but the suspects is opposing. From the Michael Brown shooting, we could see that the police unquestionably used excessive force to calm the situation, which eventually led to

Explain three (3) world arguments for birth control and two (2) world Essay - 2

Explain three (3) military man arguments for birth control and two (2) world arguments against birth control - Essay ExampleThe pills further prevent ectopic pregnancies due to the fact that they are able to suppress ovulation which makes them the most preferred birth control device alternative for women especially those who are at the risk of having ectopic pregnancies which is a great threat to life (Sanger, 2013).The birth control methods reduces the risk of contracting ovarian cysts which is a fluid-filled growth developing in the ovary. This is possible because the pills prevent ovulation. The methods further prevent pelvic inflammation diseases which are caused by bacteria that infect the fallopian tubes as well as the uterus and can cause infertility under extreme conditions. They also reduce the spread of acne which cannot be cured by an opposite(prenominal) forms of medications.Birth control methods such as the use of pills lead to blood clots or venous thromboembolism es pecially in the legs and lungs. Recent studies have indicated that the chances of blood clot are six times high in women who use oral contraceptives in comparison to nonusers. The use of pills may not require the use of other drugs such as antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antifungals as well as herbal medicines which can affect the amount of contraceptive hormones that the can be absorbed by the persist and other metabolic processes.It has been established that women who use birth control pills have increased systolic as well as diastolic blood wardrobe therefrom they need to keenly monitor their blood force so that they do not exceed the expected limit. Closely linked to blood pressure problems is heart attack condition which arises due to birth control pills and is more prevalent among those women who smoke cigarettes. This is highly witnessed among women who are 35 years and above hence those who use birth control pills at this age bracket should not smoke as that will increase chances of developing

Wireless and Mobile Technologies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wireless and Mobile Technologies - Case Study ExampleOne of the ways that organizations use wireless technologies to improve business efficiencies is by the development of mobile and computer applications that allow customers to access their services. The technologies are also used in e-commerce where customers can order for goods and services online and give their feedback (Smyth & Institution of electrical Engineers, 2004. At the same time, mobile and wireless technologies improve business efficiency when used to send important information to the customers regarding the companys products and services. In some other words, it improves communication and, therefore, enhances business communications. Many businesses use wireless and mobile technologies to interact with their domestic and international customers, especially in the modern era of globalization. Delta implemented a number of wireless and mobile technologies. It installed an in-flight Wi-Fi on the domestic flights as well as smartphone apps with smart features such as tracking of baggage and customer sign in (News.delta.com, 2015). The mobile and wireless technology also include the customer care service via Twitter that runs for 24 hours. Customers also have the ability to book tickets at one time from Facebook. The wireless and mobile technologies utilized by Delta uphold to improve business efficiency. Through the Twitter customer care, customers can be served quickly from the comfort of their homes. The online participation service also helps to reduce transportation costs for the customers to the booking offices. Likewise, the mobile tracking system helps to recover lost and stolen goods. This improves the reliability of the organization to the customer. The technologies also help to ensure that many customers can be served within a short duration. This is unlike the case where all the customers are required to visit distinguished offices to suck the services.

The Government Should Not Cut Education Budgets To solve Its Financial Research Paper

The Government Should Not Cut Education Budgets To solve Its Financial Problems - Research Paper casingThe proposed way to give the United States a continued competitive edge in todays complex globe is to give students in the U.S. an nice command. Educational funding should not be used to solve the national compute crisis because 1) bills needs to be cut from the national defense calculate, which is overcompensated 2) command is too important to be relegated to lesser funding and 3) cutting the budget for education will promote an elitist society because many people will make up ones mind an education as a privilege and not a right. A Bloated National Defense Budget Defense spending being cut could be the solution to solving not only the nations budget crisis, but could also be used to funnel more money into education as a result. More money for the budget would then allow one to logically then conclude there would be more money for education in the national budget. Consiste nt with US military needs and declining threats, defense spending will be cut emphasis added, which will help thin the deficit and provide funds to invest for economic growth.1 Unfortunately, military spending in the United States has gotten out of control. Government control over the militarys budget is also deficient, because the government lacks the ability to estimate the armys needs and to evaluate the manner in which its budget is utilized.2 First when Pres. George W. scrub invaded Iraq without consulting Congress or the internationalistic community, he pledged American troops to eight years of combat in Iraqfrom which the country still has not recovered. It has been ten years that the United States has been assiduous in combat in Afghanistan as well. Both wars have drained the U.S. of its budget surplus which was in effect when Pres. Bill Clinton left office. That surplus right away dwindled with the advent of the two wars. If less money was spent on wars and more money was pumped into education, perhaps schools all across the country would not take restructuring due to failing Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) benchmarks since the advent of the No Child left-hand(a) Behind Act. America, frankly speaking, must prioritize in rule to realize what is really importanthaving an educated public to make good decisions, or keeping the American people safe from all the possible dangers of the world by getting involved in every major conflict in the globe that could potentially endanger vested U.S. interests. These are difficult choices but they must be made, because the countrys energies are being divided in a haphazard fashion. Education Too Important to Ignore The problems began when President scrubbing got elected to office in 2000 and started whittling down the surplus Bill Clinton had left behind when he left the office of the Presidentseverely making cuts to education. President Bushs budget cutfunding for elementary and secondary education, denying 3.2 million children the extra reading and math help they were promised by the so-called No Child Left Behind Act.3 Although President Barack Obama came to office in January of 2009 promising change, unfortunately he is also making cuts to education, including grants for history. The Presidents fiscal year 2012 budget request for the Department of Education once again eliminates Teaching American History Grants (TAH) as a separately funded program

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Response Paper - Essay ExampleThe author is so much into the work that he feels consumed at his first encounter with Tianshu unmatchable of the literary works by Xu Bing. My expectation, and any other persons for that matter would be that Perry Link would join the opposition since that seems the easiest thing to do. Interestingly, he back up the author as such, one thing is apparent, the Chinese c altogetherigraphy was not that bad as portrayed by the activists. But again, one would also argue that Perry Link was a fan of feudalism, the system that Chinese calligraphy is a part, and which most of the activists passionately hated.The most problematic and surprising part of this book is Perry cogitate reaction after carefully scrutinizing the writings. Apparently, he felt not wholly frustrated but also angry at his discovery that the texts were unreadable. Can we all conclude that all the opposition was because the others could not read the books as well, or because there was some hidden message that Perry and his fellows just seemed not to figure off? All the same, I cannot just seem to find an answer to that question.Perry Link judged a book by its cover. What he would later come to find turn out completely changed his thinking and his moods. In the real life, I, and probably you, have been into several such situations. When shopping for a new cloth, for example, I have severally judged the tack together of clothing from outside only to realize that some part of it is torn after carrying it home. In a nutshell, all that glitters is never gold.This reading mainly focuses on the chines calligraphy and its relation to modern politics. Likewise, other readings in the course cover some of the elements of Chinese calligraphy even though they may not be exactly related, the presence of the tiniest bit of similarity demonstrates the relationship.Throughout my life, there are several decisions I have always made whose basis and meaning only I can understand. As such, just like Perry

The background, profile of the study & statement of the problem. Based Research Proposal

The background, profile of the study & statement of the problem. Based on my last project which was - Research Proposal ExampleThe interventions come as a way of enforcing tobacco control strategy and when implemented they either lower or raise sales revenue for tobacco products marketing companies (Bump at al. 5). They come in form of increased tax rates on cig arette, increased competition, local or federal regulations on advertisements and sales, economic restrains, and technology standards (Suttle, 1). Others equal increased tax on tobacco products work to raise revenue, correct externalities as well as regulate use of tobacco products (Who, 55).However, the intervention does not make the company less ambitious to increase sales revenue. It makes the company work harder to overcome all the handles in the most efficient way possible. The association has increased its advertisement strategies, which has increased the companys income level and foreign exchange in the Kenyan rescu e (Laikwan, 111). This makes the above-identified factors to require a research on how they affect sales revenue in fundament marketing companies with BAT as the case study.According to Chacha (1), BAT is one of the greatest contributors to national economy through increases employment rates, income levels and earning the country foreign exchange. This has been made possible due to the different factors that BAT has had to put in place despite the many challenges it has had to pass. Among the factors are increased advertisements, maintaining the brand name and abiding by set regulations to ensure they remain in the market. These together with some of the intervention factors mentioned above affects BATs sales revenue in the country either positively or negatively. There is therefore a great need for an investigation on how apiece identified factor affects BATs sales revenue as a cigarette marketing company.BAT like any other cigarette marketing company has been faced with so many huddles and yet it has managed to maintain high-income

THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FIDEL CASTRO Essay

THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FIDEL CASTRO - Essay ExampleAmerican president made a plot with the help of CIA officials to assassinate Fidel Castro. mainly CIA officials involved in the black lotion plot were. Richard Bissell and Richard helms organized this plan. Almost 400 CIA officials were tasked to prepare the plan and finalize the operation. Edward Lansdale was decreed as the project leader and William Harvey was appointed head of the Task force .On the other end USSR and America were the major players for their interests. Russia precious to sell weapon to Cuba and tried to use it as its rocket base. America wanted to take revenge of Kennedy assassination and selling of US owned land by the Castro. Mafia heads also wanted to assassinate Castro as Castro closed all their casinos and bars in Cuba.Assassins had different interests to kill Castro. For example, the mafia wanted to establish business in Cuba. America wanted to run Cuba by a government that favors American polici es . Assassins made an attempt in April 1960, which could not materialize. Five more attempts were also made in next two historic period but all failed . Assassins believed that only removal of one man would not halt the Cuban revolution so motivation of assassins was not too exalted to accomplish the mission .Fidel Castro always had the complete knowledge of CIA attempts beforehand. Agenda Motive was to restore American will, policies, and America friendly government in Cuba. America wanted to use Cuba for avoiding any future clash with Russia on Cuban land. Russia wanted to use Cuban land as its missile base and strike US air force on the outbreak of any war8. America wanted to cultivate Cuban land owned by American people. Russia stared constructing launch sites for sur face-to-air missile (surface to air missile) to target America9. It was necessary to kill Fidel Castro in order to end the Cuban revolution. Cuban people supported Castro for anti American policies10. Castros as sassination plot and attempts was not an individual action. It had complete support of American government. CIA and FBI officials were used to execute most of the plans11. Main reason for approval of assassination was o constitute American friendly government in Cuba. Another was to gain political mileage in forthcoming American elections12. Setup CIA agents in America intend assassination in 1960. JM WAVE was selected as headquarter for the mission. After several attempts, the CIA could not assassinate Castro. More than 1400 hundred CIA agents were planned in first assassination attempt13. aftermath There was a major political shift in regional political policies. America stopped import of sugar. Russia moved weapons and missiles to Cuba. Russia fully supported Castro to face America in any crisis in future. Russia and America had almost reached at the verge of a nuclear war due to Cuban crisis and stakes14.

Ethical KM Training for Tata Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical KM Training for Tata Steel - Essay ExampleHowever, the essay will discuss how social, heathen and fundamental lawal issues affected system development process and information system. In addition to this, the essay will also focus on the taken measures by Tata Steel in order to overcome the ongoing issues.Earlier, Tata Steel was only a general manufacturing organization. But, the organizational management has realized that there are internal issues that may affect the business performance of the organization (McGrath, 2003). The management of the organization purposely adopted intimacy management aspect in the organization available process to overcome organizational, cultural and social issues. In terms of organizational issues, the management of the organization was only focusing on the centralization process and unmitigated hierarchical structure. This aspect affected system development process as centralized organizational structure and culture affected the motivatio n aspect of two employees other important organizational stakeholders. It is true that, The management of Tata Steel has adopted several programmes and development processes regarding knowledge management, but lack of employee engagement before the KM process affected strategy development and decision making process (Griffiths, 2012). Inadequate workplace diversity also created issues for the management of the organization.Before the implementation of knowledge management system in the other organizational process, the management of Tata Steel found out some culture related issues in the management (Hobhm, 2004). The employees of the organization were self-centric and they did not feel free to share their views and knowledge with others. It actually affected the collaborative workplace performance of the organization.

How Did Colonization of the Americas Both Enrich And Weaken European Essay

How Did Colonization of the Americas Both Enrich And Weaken europiuman Countries - Essay ExampleThe Europeans carried out commonwealth in these lands belonging to Americans and shipped the farm proceeds back home. This played a phenomenal role in ensuring that food shortage could not be experienced in the European countries. Therefore, European countries benefitted from carrying out farming in land belonging to Americans (Kicza, 2003). During the time of colonizing America, English, Basque, and French fishing fleets arrived and regularly visited the coasts of Cape Cod and Newfoundland. The fishing fleets set up semi-permanent camps to dry their catches on the coasts. In addition, these fleets were involved in trade with local Indians, which was of immense benefits to the European countries. They exchanged manufactured goods for commodities such as furs, thus encouraging and contributing to trade activities in Europe. Therefore, the European countries enriched themselves by acquiri ng fishing grounds in America and gaining commodities not produced in Europe (Picket & Picket, 2011). During the conquest and the subsequent colonization of America by European countries, Europe benefitted immensely as they were able to provide for their large population. European countries that conquered America accomplish land, which they used to grow crops such as tobacco that could be sold in Europe for example, the colony of Jamestown was used for tobacco growing. Tobacco from this colony was exported to England by 1619. The Europeans also benefitted from the cheap labor available in America. For example, Native American Indians could be enslaved and used to provide labor in the farms belonging to the European settlers. Furthermore, African Americans sold during the Atlantic slave trade acted as cheap sources of labor in the farms of European settlers (Mancall, 1995). Countries... This paper approves that the Colonization of America weakened the European countries in a number of ways. One of the ways in which the colonization weakened the European countries included loss of some of their cultural beliefs as they got influence from America. Issues of gender in Europe mainly centered on patriarchy while most of the Americans used to be matriarchal. Colonization of America weakened the culture of patriarchy, which was a common phenomenon in Europe. As a result, European countries were forced to accept some of the aspects of the American culture, such as matriarchy, which used to be traditionally unsufferable in the European cultures. The colonization of America by European countries led to the American Revolution, which culminated the rule of Britain in North America. This report makes a conclusion that European countries reaped immense benefits from the colonization of America. Through colonization of America, they acquired resources and essential raw materials that could be used in European industries. They also carried out trade easily between themselv es by colonizing America. However, there were ways in which the European countries were weakened by colonization of America. These countries invested a lot of their resources to fight and conquer the colonies. This weakened their economies and quality of liveness in Europe. These countries were also involved in constant wars between themselves as each country strived to exercise control over America.

Foreign Reserves Essay Example for Free

Foreign Reserves EssayAccording to the article empower UNDP urges prudent use of excess crude funds, foreign reserves by Saxone Akhaine, Kaduna on April 24, 2008, the Nigeria and other African nations are having several problems when it comes to socio-economic aspects. One of the best examples in this context is the country of Nigeria. Based on research, it has been said if Nigeria utilized their crude resources in a good position, they will have an economic stability.The problem in this country is that in that respect are no source of guidance and help from other sectors so that they can use their resources properly. The Nigerian government looses its capability to set about greater perspectives in the issue of natural resources especially crude oil that costs billions during these times. Based on my own interpretation of this article, the author discusses all the enlarge in simple form. The author used descriptive elements to illustrate the happenings or situations in the Nigeria as well as the issues that they experience during this day aside from poverty.However, there is no concrete resolution with the problem that the author discussed because these are sensitive issues that should not be taken for granted by the authority. It is the right of the whole Nigeria to get along the real situation in their society and not only within their personal lives for the reason that it manifests their everyday living.Work CitedSaxone Akhaine, Kaduna. (2008). UNDP Urges Prudent Use of Excess sensitive Funds, Foreign Reserves http//www. guardiannewsngr. com/news/article03//indexn2_html? pdate=240408ptitle=UNDP%20urges%20prudent%20use%20of%20excess%20crude%20funds,%20foreign%20reserves

Operations Management Essay Example for Free

Operations Management EssayThe case at hand is hinged on the efficiency of operations in the different facilities of Canbide Corporation. With all the pressing problems, the dodge of operations in the company needed to be re-designed to answer the problems in every area that needs attention. The four concerns of Mr. Iwani, which are 1. There is a need to put up a distribution facility in the Pacific northwestern United States 2. There are quality problems at a facility in Nebraska 3.Customer Service problems 4. There are inventories / materials handling problem at Newark facility, could actually be consolidated as problems of Aggregate Planning. In the case of Pacific Northwest, which locates the plant S facility, where inventory problems and shipping concerns abound, the root causes of which is the not so good facility location planning. The expansion of the company was not able to be considered over the initial planning stage.Hence, some strategic solutions would be acquira ble for each of the facilities which could be of importly based on the Japaneses Just-In-Time (JIT) system which uses the Kanban and Lean Management System First, on the Denver Facility, the production queuing position should be revised as to the process whether one Work-In-Process flow. When a customer had to pick up a product, it should be centrally ordered on one building alone and have to wait on a lounge until the orders are ready to be picked up on a central loading plant.The products are thus carried over to the central loading station for customers. This will eventually solve the problem of traffic inside the facility. Parking should be organized to be able to serve the first customers first. Further solutions would include the proper facility lay-outing of future building plans Secondly, on the Problem in the surgery facility, the production process should be already automated since the increasing demands require such facility.In this way, using the Kanban system of the Japanese Toyota system or the Just-In-Time system which forge strong linkage over its suppliers and order system is placed in attention when inventory is kept at low. With this system, the storage facility could be converted into production facility because stocking of materials needed would be minimized or even eliminated through the use of the system. Also, this system will be beneficial to the stanch because it would drive down the cost of materials especially in the value loss of inventorying at its warehouses.Problems on shipping inventories would also be minimized. Thirdly, on the pick out on the Copier Rehab Facility near Charleston, the management should focus its attention on Knowledge Management and Information System. This would require an in-depth analysis on the problems of the copiers macrocosm brought in for repair and the time spent and behavior analysis of every customer. If this would be done, then the management would be able to note the materials needed to be inventoried in the rehabilitation center. The turnaround rate of seven days would even be minimized, and not just targeted.The Materials Requirement Planning would thus be needed by the company to cope up with the demands of the products to be repaired. In summary, the Oregon facility problems could thus be solve through re-structuring with the inception of the JIT system in each plant and revising the process workflow to ensure on time production and ensure the quality of the products made. Warehousing costs would also be minimized if not totally eliminated with the Kanban System, which is also hinged on the Just-In-Time system of the Toyota Company in Japan.

Innovator of the Modern Art Essay Example for Free

Innovator of the Modern Art EssayJackson became oneness of the trendsetters of the modern art movement. His technique, materials and perception of art distinguished him from other equally talented 20th century artists. The artworks that he produced represented his enigmatic character. Though legion(predicate) were amused with his key fruiting, there were also those who questioned his artistic talents and knowledge. But he did not let these criticisms compromise his distinct creativity.Pollock was categorized as an Abstract expressionist artist primarily because of his infamous drip paintings including the Convergence. These drip paintings were painted on a large canvas on the floor. According to Pollock, painting on the floor made him feel closer to his painting. He was able to work on the different angles of the canvass by walking around it. This unusual technique was considered by Pollock as a way of being a part of the painting not just the typical creator of it.The act o f allow the the paint drip into the canvass generated prolonged and continuous lines in which the paintings were dominated by white and black and sometimes there were hints of exciting bold colors. In addition, the drips of the paint were able to create a three dimensional effect making it tactile and visually appealing. With regards to the choice of materials, Pollock utilized uncommon paints and brushes. His paints were industrial and household paints that he described as the natural growth out of a need (Boddy-Evans, 2008, What Paint Did Pollock Use? ). Meanwhile, the brushes were deteriorated and hard to let the paint naturally drip down the canvas. Pollock explained his painting method as raw needs need new techniques meaning the modern age requires new approaches to reflect its real essence (Boddy-Evans, 2008, What Paint Did Pollock Use? ).ReferencesBoddy-Evans, M. ( 2008). What Paint Did Pollock Use?. About Inc. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http//painting. about. com/od/ colourtheory/a/Pollock_paint. htm.

The development and evolution of Gregorian chant

The development and evolution of Gregorian tone For centuries, Gregorian sing was considered the official music of the Catholic Church. Naturally, this degree of importance placed on the music genre gives it considerable significance, both religious and cultural. Its exact beginnings, however, be not absolutely known. Also, chant has win overd over time due to it being based on practices of the Church, which necessitate also changed over time due to decrees by various popes, get alongndas of monastic orders, and the square ups of and intermingling of cultures, such as the bounders, Romans, and Byzantines. Although the name of Gregorian chant is derived from pontiff Gregory I The cracking, it has its roots much earlier in tarradiddle, predating Christianity. In fact, Christian chant is believed to have been originally derived from Judaism, as there was a considerable amount of roughhewn ground between Jewish and early Christian liturgies (Werner 20). This is seen through w ritings of the early church which show that the early Christian church was heavily influenced by Hebrew pietism (Barton). However, there is little information available from chants of early centuries compared to Gregorian chant and other chants of later centuries (Hiley 478). One reason for this is that musical line for chants of this time did not exist, for at this time chants were an entirely oral rather than written tradition. Also contributing to this lack of information is that early Christians were persecuted, forcing private worship until the Edict of Milan of 313, which gave Christians the right of freedom of worship in Rome (484). Due to this freedom, Christianity could afford to become more formalized and organized, its music included. There is further ambiguity surrounding the special(prenominal) origins of Gregorian chant in considering Pope Gregory himself. What Gregorys influence was on Gregorian chant is debatable, as there is limited evidence keep that he either had a great deal of influence on the genre, such as directly composing chants, or virtually none (513). However, both pieces of evidence support a common theory of his meshing in the creation of Gregorian chant that was known throughout the Middle Ages, which are both books written by Pope Gregory. These two books, entitled Antiphonarium and Graduale Romanum, are compilations of already existing chants that Pope Gregory designated for specific personas of Catholic mass which supports the theory that his involvement was limited to such compilations (DSilva). An example of Gregorys ordering to use specific music in liturgy is him mandating that the Allelulia be used during mass for an entire year (Apel 41). in spite of the lack of specific information concerning the beginnings of chant that would later evolve to become Gregorian chant, the origins of Gregorian chant as it was known throughout the Middle Ages are more clear, as music books, although they still were not musically notated, of the genre were created by the Franks at around the 9th century, making the genre easier to trace through history to that point (Hiley 514). Note that it was not until the 10th century that sources were created containing musical notation, namely being musically annotated Graduals and Antiphonals from the Codex 359 (Apel 52). Also, it was not until the 11th century that music was annotated in a way so that tunes could be read (53). In addition to these musical books, various manuscripts were written that outlined liturgical proceedings, allowing for further clarification of the specifics of Gregorian chant (53). The peoples who ruled the area that is roughly present-day France played a large role in forming Gregorian chant to what it is, from the Franks to the Carolingians (Hiley 512). This started under the rule of the Frank king Pepin, who lead the Franks to control much of Europe through military conquest, spreading the culture of chant to the Franks, and also causing reforms to Gregorian chant by the Franks and their successors (513). In addition to causing chant to be more widespread, the intervention of the Franks also caused Gregorian chant to evolve from further influences (513).Not only did the influence of the Franks allow the beginnings of Gregorian chant to be seen more easily, as was described previously, but their musical texts also show the original formers behind its development, the main motive being to help control how the liturgy was run by assigning specific chants to certain parts of the liturgy, as was done by Pope Gregory (515). In the case of the Franks (namely Pepin and also Charlemagne), the reasoning behind trying to control the specifics of the liturgy was so that it would become standardized since many members of the church were influenced by their own local anaesthetic traditions in structuring the liturgy, which Frank leadership was trying to suppress (Barbon). Of course, due to the amount of time between Pope Gregor ys writings and the adoption of chant by the Frankish church (300 years), it can be safely assumed that the liturgical assignments of the Franks were different than those of Pope Gregory. More changes were made as well in Gregorian chant, including the bearing of telling, such as the combining of both Roman and Frankish singers, although eventually a return to a more Roman styled liturgy and type of singing occurred among the Franks (Hiley 517). Since writing texts for the chants was still not common practice and musical notation for them did not yet exist, it follows that the Franks had to learn Roman liturgy and chants by memory when this sideslip back to strictly Roman liturgy occurred. This also denotes that the number of chants that were used and popular were not too numerous at this point in time, as they could still be all memorized. Despite the shift back to a Roman style liturgy, over the years and into the 9th century to the start of the rule of the Carolingians, who su cceeded the Franks, Gregorian chant continued to evolve as bare-assed musical elements were added to the genre by the Franks and more compositions were created (Hiley 517). Some of these changes were brought on by outside influences on Gregorian chant, such as by the Byzantines, who developed the eight mode system (529). The fact that the amount of compositions of Gregorian chant were increasing can be buttoned in with the development of written musical texts around this time period, causing Gregorian chant to shift away from a strictly oral tradition, for it would no longer be possible to memorize all of the chants necessary as their numbers grew. As the popularity of Gregorian chant grew, it underwent several more reforms and evolutions, mostly during the twelfth and 13th centuries (Hiley 608). An example of such a reform was more specific notation being used in writing chant, which included specifying pitch, among other specific musical elements (608). Another reform was the te ndency to drift away from previous melo cloys of the Middle Ages, creating a type of chant called Neo-Gallican chant (609). Many of these changes made to Gregorian chant were initiated by various orders, two major ones being the Cistercians, who believed in performing the liturgy as it was done originally, and the Dominicans, whose reforms, desire the efforts of many before it, were aimed at standardizing the liturgy (612). Gregorian chant did not enjoy constant growth and popularity, however. After the 12th century, the popularity and growth of Gregorian chant started to wane, presumably due to a period of reduced popularity of the Catholic Church (DSilva). Also, around the 16th century the Catholic Church was threatened by Protestantism, which also played a part in decreasing the popularity of the church, thus affecting the popularity of traditional monastic liturgies and music (Hiley 615). Another such period of decadence for the church and for Gregorian chant was during the age of Enlightenment, as less emphasis was placed on the church and God and instead more on the individual and reason.As a result of this new ideology, the power and influence of the church began to decline. In addition to the general ideology of the time, another reason for the decline of the Church was the political struggle caused by the french Revolution, which caused a reform in the French church so that it no longer observed previous monastic traditions (Bergeron xii). Due to Gregorian chants close experience with the church, its popularity began to decline as well (Barton). This causes yet another obstacle in acquiring information about Gregorian chant and thus makes it more ticklish to interpret today as the knowledge of how to interpret various medieval musical notations was lost (Barton).A large factor of why Gregorian chant did not die out completely is the involvement of monks at the French monastery at Solesmes, and other such monasteries, who during the 19th century we re commissioned by Pope St. Pius X to modernize Gregorian chant (DSilva). They achieved this by removing the strict association that Gregorian chant had with the church, secularizing it and adding a meditative, trancelike appeal (DSilva). In the end, Gregorian chant was changed to be more akin to classical Roman chant than the Gregorian chant of the Middle Ages. As a result, the chant that is known today as Gregorian chant is more similar to early plainchant rather than what was originally dubbed as Gregorian chant (DSilva). As a result of this change of the style of Gregorian chant, along with the declining power of the Catholic Church and thus the popularity of Gregorian chant, it is difficult to know what Gregorian chant of the Middle Ages exactly sounded like (Barton). Another factor that contributes to this is the lack of musical notation with text in the Middle Ages, and that some of the notation that does exist from the time period cannot be interpret due to these periods of decrease in popularity. Overall, the fact that chant was originally a purely oral tradition that consisted of few enough chants that could be memorized, along with Gregorian chants affiliation with a religion that was originally persecuted and later declining in popularity, contributes to the murkiness of the origins of Gregorian chant. Also, the fact that Christianity underwent significant changes from the time of its conception to modern times results in equally significant changes occurring in the style of music that was so closely affiliated with its prominent church, even causing Gregorian chant to nearly die out on several occasions in history. However, despite the several bouts of decrease in popularity that Gregorian chant experienced, it is currently one of the oldest forms of music that is actively listened to today (DSilva). Also, the many changes that Gregorian chant underwent throughout history makes it very unique, as it cannot be entirely attributed to any specific e vent, person, or even commonwealth or empire. Instead, as David Hiley states, Gregorian chant is neither of one specific time, nor wholly Roman, nor wholly anything else (Hiley 513).

Gene-ablation and other genetic technique

broker- deracination and other ciphertic techniqueHow has the use of element-ablation and other agenttic techniques in mice altered our onset to scientific problems in pharmacology and physiology? 280 pts (8-12 pages, 11pt Arial font, double spaced)A agent is a region of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic, usu bothy corresponding to a single protein or RNA1. Most scientists ar interested in determining how ingredients, and the proteins they encode, function in the intact harmoniumism. One of the intimately direct ways to settle out what a factor does is to see what happens to the organism when that gene is missing. Because re naked as a jaybirdals butt interrupt cellular processes, mutants often hold the key to understanding gene function. A well accepted strategy for evaluating gene function is to create and characterize a gene knockout walk. Virtually any gene in the reference line tail end be mutated through gene targeting in totipotent embryo nic stem (ES) cells or to use gene ablation engineering to knock-out any a specialized gene or a specific cell case in an intact animal2. Both of these methods offer almost unlimited possibilities for addressing questions concerning the molecular(a)(a)(a) and cellular biology of development, the relationship between inheritables and biological function, unraveling the causes of dis cast, and enhance pharmaceutical research. ES cells atomic number 18 a versatile source of cells for repair of change and defective tissues in the adult body2. Totipotent embryonic stem cells have been used in vitro to generated precursors for oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Transplantation of these ES cells into a seat mouse of military man myelin complaint allowed the precursors to interact with host neurons and efficiently myelinate axons in brain and spinal cord. Further investigation of this mechanism could lead to pharmacological, physiological and cure treatments. ES cells similarly mak e possible the most precisely controlled forms of genetic modification, allowing animals to be created with virtually any desired alteration introduced into their genome2. One way to allege a transgenic (knockout) animal is through gene targeting in totipotent ES cells. By incorporating a null allele into one allele of murine ES cells, and injecting these cells into other(a) mouse embryos, one can create chimeric mice (heterozygous for the knockout allele) containing tissues derived from both host cells and ES cells2. Mating the chimeric mice allows one to confirm that the null allele is incorporated into the germ line and can breed these heterozygous chimeric mice to homogeneity producing progeny that ar homozygous knockout mice2. A knockout mouse generated to carry a mutating apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene through inactivation by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells can be used as a beat for atherosclerosis. apoE is a constituent of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesi zed by the liver and of a subclass of high density lipoproteins (HDLs) involved in cholesterin transport among cells. In humans a variant form of apoE, has been found to be defective in backbone to the LDL receptor that is associated with familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia, a disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and premature coronary heart disease. apoE deficient mice develop severe hypercholeste postmia repayable to a delayed clearance of large atherogenic powericles from the circulation. A study was done to analyze the genesis of atherosclerotic lesions, including the nature of the cells involved, the sequence of cellular yetts and the anatomic attitude of specific lesion types over time on mice fed a normal or a high fat diet. They found that the lesions were distributed thought the arterial guide and contained many features of the specialized, chronic, inflammatory-fibroproliferative response characteristic of atherosclerosis with age. This mouse model is used to better understand the physiological role of apoE in lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and nerve injury. The model can also be used as a way to test new pharmacological drugs in pre-clinical trials to prepare drug interaction, new therapeutics or to develop variations of current drugs to better meet the needs of the vast army of genetic vari force seen in the human population today.Gene ablation involves the homologic genetic recombination of a gene in much(prenominal) a way that the gene has been made null. Genetic ablation is a genetic plan technique used to suppress selectively the growth of a specified cell line or cell type in an animal sort of than suppress the activity of an individual gene2. Analyzing the in vivo function of cells can be accomplished through specific cell ablation. Using genetic ablation to produce a knockout mouse involves the injection of one or more than transgenes (usually a DNA segment bearing its own promoter) into the pronucleus of a fertilized mouse oocyte, which, afterward reimplantation into a foster mother, gives birth to a transgenic mouse bearing one of several hundred copies of the transgene3. These mice again can be bred to produce a homozygous colony.An over normal Sod2 transgenic mouse was generated through the use of pronuclear injection of the Sod2 gene into fertilized eggs. These mice overexpressed superoxide dismutase which catalyzes the conversion of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Superoxide anions are reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the respiratory chain as a by crossroad of mitochondrial respiration. ROS cause oxidative damage to key mitochondrial components, such as protein, lipids and DNA. They are thought to lead to an general decline in cellular function and ultimately determine the life span of an organism. Sod2 trangsenic mice have been used to test the effects of overexpressing MnSOD on mitochondrial function, levels of oxidative idiom or damage and live span in mice. They found that a two fold increase of MnSOD throughout the life of the organism resulted in a slight decrease in oxidative damage and enhanced resistance against oxidative stress. Oxidative damage is also associated with arthritis, heart disease, gastrointestinal disorders, double sclerosis, crab louse and neurological diseases. This model can be used to physiologically improve ones understanding of oxidative stress and to develop pharmaceutical agents that can enhance ones ability to decrease or protect against oxidative damage.Customized gene targeted animal models include constitutive knockouts or knock-ins, or conditional knockouts or knock-ins of known genes, a gene family, mutant genes or artificially created reporters and gene constructs. A constitutive knockout is a model that provides a broad overview of gene function, by the inactivation of the gene of interest at the genetic level, by random mutation or targeted insertion4. The advantage of using this mod el is that you get a total inactivation of the gene in any cell4. The disadvantage of this model is that the phenotypes can be complex since all organs are affected4. A conditional knockout is a model that provides a research model of high potential, by targeting tissue-specific inactivation of the gene of interest, through the use of recombinase4. Recombinase is an enzyme that deletes the DNA fragment located between the two recombinase-specific sites4. This tissue-specific behavior of the recombinase allows the inactivation of the gene of interest except in the tissue were the recombinase is expressed4. There are two advantages to using this model, the scratch line is the inactivation is restricted to specific tissues and the support is that several tissue-specific models can be made in parallel4. The disadvantages of using this model include the efficiency of the excision and the inability to validate the recombinase clay4. There are a physical body of other strategies that can be used in place of, or to complement, conventional gene knockout technology. Two such examples are regulatable gene ablation and temporary gene ablation (gene knock downs). Ablation of a gene can be spatially or temporally regulated, that is only the organ of interest is affected or the mutation occurs only in one particular developmental state5. Through the use of a regulator, the promoter can be regulated to control gene expression in the organ or particular tissue of interest. A gene knockdown refers to the technique by which the expression of one or more of an organisms genes is reduced, either through genetic modification or by treatment with a reagent such as a poor DNA or RNA oligonucleotide with a sequence complementary to either an mRNA transcript or a gene6. These preliminaryes offer a rapid and efficient method to examine the specific actions of a gene product at a particular time point. Genes can be transiently down-regulated by targeted abash of gene expressio n, either systemically or within a specific tissue. Two such approaches are antisense technology and the use of short interfering RNA (siRNA). Antisense technology is the use of short modified DNA sequences complementary to the mRNA of the gene of interest2. These sequences bind to the 5UTR and the beginning of the coding sequence therefore preventing translation initiation and bar ribosomal interaction with the AUG start codon2. Antisense oligonucleotide genetic-code blocking drugs might control disease by inhibiting deleterious or malfunctioning genes. siRNA on the other relegate, utilizes small lengths of double marooned RNA designed against the gene of interest and is introduced into the cell where they interact with intracellular machinery to form RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs)2. These complexes unwind the siRNA strands and allow specific binding to the complementary mRNA sequence2. This binding causes cleavage and destruction of the now double stranded mRNA, and su bsequently prevents translation2. siRNA can be used to study gene function, manipulating gene expression, as well as drug development. siRNA compounds can be created and delivered into human cells were they are able to silence genes and viruses responsible for human diseases.Two other genetic techniques that are used to approach gene investigation include suppressor analysis and reverse genetics. Suppressor analysis is used to identify genes that are working(a)ly related to another gene of interest7. A suppressor mutation is a mutation that counteracts the effects of another mutation thereby cut its phenotypic effect7. Suppressor mutations whitethorn be intragenic (in the same gene as the original mutation) or intergenic (in another gene)7. Intergenic suppressor mutations can be either information suppressors or function suppressors7. Of the two, function suppressors are most valuable for the genetic analysis of cellular processes7. Reverse genetics is a process in which specific mutations are introduced into a cloned gene for the purpose of identifying functional domains8. One way to conduct reverse genetics is to do RNA interference (RNAi)8. RNA interference is an in vivo gene knock-down, which is used to insert a random shRNA construct into the mouse genome4. Here, double-stranded RNAs inhibit corresponding gene expression by inducing degradation of its mRNA4. RNAi can be used as part of the immune response to viruses and other genetic material it can also be used to look at downregulation and upregulation of genes4. RNAi has been used to evaluate whether insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) modulates gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cell response. Here, transfection of siRNA to knockdown IGFBP3 gene into GIST cells resulted in a significant loss of cell viability and therefore found that IGFP3 gene is required for GIST cell survival. IGFBP3 gene expression is lost in many cancer cells and reintroduction of the protein often results in cell death. On the other hand IGFBP3 has been linked to renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, and metastatic melanoma, which suggests that IGFBP3 may contribute to tumorigenesis or disease progression. By studying IGFBP3 and the IGF pathway one can look for IGF for prognostic and therapeutic value in GISTs and other cancers.In order to develop new treatment and preventative strategies for a human disease, we must first understand the biology and pathogenesis of the human disease itself10. A way to study human gene function is by mouse gene humanization. Humanization is the substitution of the murine gene by its human counter part4. Animal models of human disease have been crucial in elucidating normal organ biology, pathogenic mechanisms of the disease and developing new therapeutic strategies10. Animal models are being used instead of human studies, because human studies are limited by a number of factors such as the variability seen in genetic background and environmental inf luences, the inability to readily obtain human tissues for molecular analysis and the small come of patients who may have a particular genetic freakishity10. Transgenic animals have already made valuable research contributions to studies involving regulation of gene expression, the function of the immune system, genetic diseases, viral diseases, cardiovascular disease, and the genes responsible for the development of cancer. Transgenic animal models are most effective if they have both construct validity and face validity. Construct validity is the item to which the model corresponds to the clinical state in humans. Face validity is the animal model responds in an appropriate manner to the effects of different therapeutic agents. An animal model that can recapitulate at least part of the neuropathology and the cognitive and behavioral impairment is the most effective representative of the disease. Several rodent models of Alzheimers disease (AD) have been created. The first exa mple of such a model has been created to mimic the cholinergic deficits of AD patients and to investigate the role of the central cholinergic system in the cognitive and behavioral deficits observed in AD9. The second example of such a model has been created with acute or chronic injections of amyloid important within the brain parenchyma of rodents, to overexpress AD-related mutated protein (amyloid deposits) in the central nervous system of rodents9. A third model of AD has been to create a transgenic mouse to express wild-type or mutant forms of the human APP and/or PS genes. All three of these models provide many insights into AD pathogenesis and approached to new therapies. By exploring and understanding of the neuropathological processes underlying the cognitive worsening leading to dementia and investigating of the effects of potential new treatments on both AD neuropathology and cognitive deficits we will be able to test drugs that could potentially alleviate symptoms of t he disease.Transgenic animals have also been used to develop animal strains that secrete important proteins in milk2. These animals are used to synthesize recoverable quantities of therapeutically multipurpose proteins. These proteins can be harvested from the animal by simply milking the animal and then using separation techniques for protein purification2. For example cows have been used to purify collagen which can then be used to indicate burns and bone fracture2. Pigs have been used to purify human hemoglobin as a blood rehabilitation for transfusion2. Goats have been used to make monoclonal antibodies for colon cancer2. In addition sheep have been used to make factor VIII and factor IX for hemophilia2. patronage the large amount of knowledge that can be gained by knockout studies, there are some important considerations to be taken when investigating the role of a particular protein or gene of interest. These considerations include but are not limited to redundancy, lethalit y, delineating systemic vs. local effects, subtle effects, and specific pathogen free conditions3. Gene redundancy is the existence of multiple copies of the same gene in the genome of an organism. This problem can be overcome to some extent by the use of multiple knockouts or in some situations where multiple ligands bind to the same receptor, a dominant negative receptor approach can knockout the effects of all ligands at once5. Lethality phenotypes severely compromise the ability of the organism to function. Some knockouts are developmentally lethal, which means that the genetically altered embryos cannot grow in adult mice. strike out a gene may also fail to produce an observable (phenotypic) change in a mouse or may even produce different characteristics from those observed in humans in which the same gene is inactivated. In some instances, a particular organ of interest can be transplanted into a wellnessy wild type host in order to conduct the analysis on that organ. Local e ffect refers to an adverse health effect that takes place at the point or area of contact, for example the respiratory tract11. Systemic effect refers to an adverse health effect that takes place at a location distant from the bodys initial point of contact and assumes absorption has taken place, i.e. absorption into the blood stream11. Subtle effects are those that are so slight as to be difficult to detect or describe. For example, small changes in nutrient delivery to the fetus can program post-natal and adult metabolous status and lead to increased susceptibility to a range of adult onset disease, including stroke, hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes5. Specific pathogen free conditions refers to the fact that laboratory mice in research institution are generally housed in a specific pathogen free environment, and are therefore not challenged with the array of pathogens most mice and humans are exposed to.When comparing transgenic models to humans a key difference cou ld be in the initiation of the development or process in the mouse that may not have a similar mechanism as the human development or process it is thought to represent. The presence of a specific mutation in the mouse from the time of its conception may enable a distinction between phenotypic changes due to the mutation itself and changes caused by adaptation and fee for the mutation12. A gene can also be expressed in different tissues where it may have different functions its alteration may induce out of the blue(predicate) consequences. Also, the function of two genes may overlap or a mutation in a single gene might not reveal an abnormal phenotype. There is also a possibility of random incorporation into genome, which may inadvertently disrupt other genes, or have a variable degree of gene silencing success. The gene may also induce gross morphologic or physiologic abnormalities that affect the gene directly. Note also, these animal models also only play a minor role in drug de velopment, as relatively few human diseases are monogenetic12. In most cases, gene ablation and other genetic techniques must address the basic question as to whether a particular gene, wild type, or mutant is involved in the pathogenesis of a particular disease. If not a particular disease, it may also address whether a gene product which plays a role in a specific signaling process contributes to disease in conjunction with other predisposing conditions. Animal models are crucial in providing a unified understanding of how drugs work, developing new therapeutic agents, and obtaining critical info needed to advance compounds into clinical trails12. Animal models are an important tool for scientist to investigate human diseases, especially in order to conduct time-course studies or when studying early disease. Transgenic and knockout animals are also used to determine the molecular mode of action of a gene product and the downstream consequences of its misexpression on normal proce sses. Assessing the role of a specific gene can know be accomplished through the use of transgenic animals whose genomes have been manipulated to under- or overexpress a target gene, or express it in a modified or defective, nonfunctional form12. Animal models represent an attempt to imitate the pathologies associated with human disease states in a preclinical setting12. ReferencesMolecular Biology of the Cell. Alberts, et. al. 4th edition 2002 Garland Science New York, NY.Crommelin, D.J.A. and Sindelar, R.D. (1997). pharmaceutical Biotechnology Fundamentals and Applications, Third Ed. Taylor and Francis. Philadelphia, PA.Seidman, J.G. (2009) Manipulating the sneak Genome. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. January 01.Reliable and Innovative Solutions for Transgenesis. Accessed on 11/4/2009. Ingman, WV. And Jones, RL. (2008). Cytokine knockouts in reporduciton the use of gene ablation to dissect roles of cytokines in procreative biology. Human Reproductive Update 14(2) 179-19 2.Gene knockdown. (2009, June 8). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1353, November 8, 2009, from Fay, D. and Johnson, W. (2006). Genetic mapping and manipulation Chapter 10-Suppressor mutations. Accessed on 11/5/2009. Bio-Medicine. 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(1992) Generation of mice carrying a mutant apolipoprotein E gene inactivated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 894471-4475. Nakashima, Y, Plump AS, Raines E.W, Reslow J.L, and Ross R. (1994) ApoE-deficient mice develop lesions of all phases of atherosclerosis throughout the arterial tree. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 14133-140. Jang Y.C et.al (2009). Overexpression of Mn Superoxide Dismutase Does Not Increase Life Span in Mice. Journal of GerontologyBiological Sciences. 64(11) 1114-1125. Dupart JJ. Et.al (2009). Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 has dual effects on gastrointestinal stromal tumor cell viability and sensitivity to the anti-tumor effects of imatinib mesylate in vitro. Mol Cancer Nov 108(1)99 (Epub ahead of print) PMID 19903356 Genes associate with drug res ponses can be grouped into three broad categories those involved in pharmacokinetics (i.e. drug metabolism, transport), those encoding pharmacological targets (i.e. drug-target pathways) and those with physiological associations (i.e. homeostasis pathways)13. Pharmacokinetic pathways mediate drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion13. Pharmacological pathways such as transcription factors and phosphorylation targets whose genes encode other proteins are also candidates for pharmacogenetic analysis13. Understanding the sensitivity of a particular drug and the genes that encode the drug metabolizing enzymes can help determine how the particular drug is transported and metabolized within the body. Understanding the gene variants and how they influence drug concentrations at the target site is a possible way to explain the differences in response to a particular drug dose among individuals. Pharmacogenetics is the study of how an individuals genetic differences influence drug action, usage and dosing2. The molecular compositions of enzymes are currently being identify through the use of the Human Genome Project. Scientists are able to study these enzymes and determine correlations between genotypic and phenotypic variability14. These current advances will allow scientists to use the molecular knowledge of enzymes to detect individuals who are likely to experience adverse reactions to medicines without having to use potentially dangerous methods of trial and error14. An offshoot of pharmacogenetics is pharmacogenomics, which attempts to understand not only the molecular composition of genetic variants associated with drug response but also the behavior of those variants14. Pharmacogenomic knowledge can be used to spot the disease before it occurs in a patient, increase drug efficacy upon pharmacotherapy, and reduce drug toxicity2. It could also facilitate the drug development process to improve clinical development outcomes, reducing overall cost o f drug development and lead to development of new diagnostic tests that impact on therapeutic decisions2. Pharmacogenomics can be used by doctors to identify the optimal dose and medicine for each individual patient with greater efficacy and safety. As the dosage would be based on factors such as age, weight, diet, lifestyle, liver and kidney function. By using a pharmacogenetic test a doctor can determine the right dose for individual patients. There are phomacogenetic tests for cancer, HIV, depression, and cardiovascular disease15. These tests take in the factors which are most likely to affect the absorption and effectiveness of the drug. There are many benefits that can come from pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. Pharmaceutical companies can use information obtained to create more powerful medicines based on proteins, enzymes, and RNA molecules associated with genes and diseases15. Again, doctors would be able to analyze a patients genetic write and prescribe the best avai lable drug therapy from the beginning instead of the standard trial and error method of matching patient with the right drugs. A more appropriate drug dosage could be determined by not only taking in a persons weight and age but also accounting for their individual body processes, such as the time it takes for their body to metabolize the drug. Pharmacogenetics could also provide advance screening for disease, better vaccines, improvements in the drug discovery and approval process and decrease the overall cost of health care15. Pharmacogenomics is still in the development stage in the research field. There are several factors that need to be overcome before many of the pharmacogenomic benefits can be realized. These include the complexity of finding gene variations that affect drug response, the limitation of current drug alternatives, disincentives for drug companies to make multiple pharmacogenomic products, and educating health care providers14. There are also ethical issues to consider, such as lack of data privacy, possibility that adverse reactions to drugs can occur during treatment, the cost of such designer drugs will be to expensive for everyone, and genetic testing can provide an array of diagnostic results (predisposal test) which may or may not be what the patient wants to know14.